Coin, 17th century, India - Public domain photo of museum object

Islamic art refers to the visual arts that were produced in the Islamic world, which encompasses a vast geographical area stretching from Spain and North Africa in the west to Central Asia and India in the east. Islamic art is characterized by its focus on religious themes and its emphasis on the representation of spiritual truths. Islamic art is also known for its distinctive aesthetic features, including the use of calligraphy, geometric patterns, and arabesque designs. Islamic art covers a wide range of media, including architecture, painting, calligraphy, ceramics, and textiles. In the narrowest sense, the arts of the Islamic peoples might be said to include only those arising directly from the practice of Islam. More commonly, however, the term is extended to include all of the arts produced by Muslim peoples, whether connected with their religion or not. In this article, the subject includes the arts created in pre-Islamic times by Arabs and other peoples in Asia Minor and North Africa who eventually adopted the Islamic faith.

Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India with a long and rich history. The region has been inhabited for thousands of years, and it has been ruled by a number of different empires and dynasties over the course of its history. The state has been an important center of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious and cultural traditions, and it has been a major center of learning and scholarship. In more recent times, Uttar Pradesh played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British rule. Here are some major events in the history of Uttar Pradesh: Indus Valley Civilization: The region that is now Uttar Pradesh was home to one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BCE. Maurya Empire: In the 4th century BCE, the Maurya Empire, which was centered in present-day Bihar, conquered the region and made it a part of its vast empire. Gupta Empire: In the 4th century CE, the Gupta Empire, which was also centered in present-day Bihar, conquered the region and made it a part of its empire. The Gupta period is considered a golden age in Indian history, and it saw a flowering of arts, sciences, and culture. Mughal Empire: In the 16th century, the Mughal Empire conquered the region and made it a part of its empire. The Mughal period was a time of great cultural and artistic achievement, and it saw the construction of many important landmarks in the region, including the Taj Mahal in Agra. Indian Rebellion of 1857: The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a major uprising against British rule in India, and it had a significant impact on the region that is now Uttar Pradesh. Independence and partition of India: In 1947, India gained independence from British rule, and the region that is now Uttar Pradesh became a part of the independent nation. The same year, the country was partitioned along religious lines into two countries: India and Pakistan. This event led to widespread violence and displacement in the region.