The World's Largest Public Domain Media Search Engine

Paul Nash

Paul Nash (11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) was a British surrealist painter and war artist, as well as a photographer, writer and designer of applied art.Created by: PICRYL - Public Domain Media Search EngineDated: 2016
Paul Nash (11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) was a British surrealist painter and war artist, as well as a photographer, writer and designer of applied art. Nash was among the most important landscape artists of the first half of the twentieth century. He played a key role in the development of Modernism in English art.

Born in London, Nash grew up in Buckinghamshire where he developed a love of the landscape. He entered the Slade School of Art but was poor at figure drawing and concentrated on landscape painting. Nash found much inspiration in landscapes with elements of ancient history, such as burial mounds, Iron Age hill forts such as Wittenham Clumps and the standing stones at Avebury in Wiltshire. The artworks he produced during World War I are among the most iconic images of the conflict. After the war Nash continued to focus on landscape painting, originally in a formalized, decorative style but, throughout the 1930s, in an increasingly abstract and surreal manner. In his paintings he often placed everyday objects into a landscape to give them a new identity and symbolism.

During World War II, although sick with the asthmatic condition that would kill him, he produced two series of anthropomorphic depictions of aircraft, before producing a number of landscapes rich in symbolism with an intense mystical quality. These have perhaps become among the best known works from the period. Nash was also a fine book illustrator, and also designed stage scenery, fabrics and posters.
80 Media in collectionpage 1 of 1
Landscape of the Megaliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape of the Megaliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Battle of Britain: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Battle of Britain: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Cloudscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Cloudscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Granary: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Granary: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Brown Fungus - Drawing. Public domain image.

Landscape of the Brown Fungus - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Berkshire Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Berkshire Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

St Pancras Lilies: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

St Pancras Lilies: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Whiteleaf Cross: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Whiteleaf Cross: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

March Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

March Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Totes Meer (Dead Sea): painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Totes Meer (Dead Sea): painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Kinetic Feature: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Kinetic Feature: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Flight of the Magnolia: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Flight of the Magnolia: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Northern Adventure: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Northern Adventure: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Druid Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Druid Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Nocturnal Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Nocturnal Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Bagley Woods - Drawing. Public domain image.

Landscape of the Bagley Woods - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape from a Dream: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape from a Dream: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Circle of the Monoliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Circle of the Monoliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Plage: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Plage: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Event on the Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Event on the Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

St Pancras, London: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

St Pancras, London: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Malvern Distance

Landscape of the Malvern Distance

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Pond at Souldern: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Pond at Souldern: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Voyages of the Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Voyages of the Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Nest of the Siren: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Nest of the Siren: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

A Howitzer Firing: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

A Howitzer Firing: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Battle of Germany: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Battle of Germany: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Moon's Last Phase

Landscape of the Moon's Last Phase

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Bouquet: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Bouquet: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Stackyard: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Stackyard: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Spring in the Trenches, Ridge Wood, 1917

Spring in the Trenches, Ridge Wood, 1917

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Menin Road: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Menin Road: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Blue House on the Shore - Drawing. Public domain image.

Blue House on the Shore - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

'Modern Textiles': painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

'Modern Textiles': painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

View R: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

View R: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Dymchurch, Kent: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Dymchurch, Kent: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, Snow: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, Snow: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Behind the Inn: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Behind the Inn: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Pillar and Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Pillar and Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Wittenham Clumps: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Wittenham Clumps: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Window, Iver Heath: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Window, Iver Heath: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Wood on the Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Wood on the Downs: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Pink Hyacinth: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Pink Hyacinth: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Nostalgic Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Nostalgic Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Vernal Equinox (III)

Landscape of the Vernal Equinox (III)

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Footballers Prefer Shell: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Footballers Prefer Shell: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Oxford During the War: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Oxford During the War: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Harbour and Room: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Harbour and Room: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Composition (Design for Today): painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Composition (Design for Today): painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Eclipse of the Sunflower: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Eclipse of the Sunflower: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph - night sky, astronomy, universe, space, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape of the Moon's First Quarter

Landscape of the Moon's First Quarter

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Sandling Park, Kent: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Sandling Park, Kent: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Token: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Token: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Telecommunications: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Telecommunications: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Dead Spring: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Dead Spring: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape Composition (Objects in Relation)

Landscape Composition (Objects in Relation)

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

View from a Window, Nice - Drawing. Public domain image.

View from a Window, Nice - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Edge of the Wood - Drawing. Public domain image.

The Edge of the Wood - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Diving Stage: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Diving Stage: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

November Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

November Moon: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Rye Marshes, East Sussex - Drawing. Public domain image.

The Rye Marshes, East Sussex - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Through a Window, Riviera: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Through a Window, Riviera: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Wounded, Passchendaele: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Wounded, Passchendaele: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Berkshire Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Berkshire Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Grotto in the Snow: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Grotto in the Snow: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Equivalents for the Megaliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Equivalents for the Megaliths: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Still Life with Bog Cotton - Drawing. Public domain image.

Still Life with Bog Cotton - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Oxenbridge Pond: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Oxenbridge Pond: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Coronilla: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Coronilla: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Michaelmas Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Michaelmas Landscape: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Riviera Window, Cros-de-Cagnes - Drawing. Public domain image.

Riviera Window, Cros-de-Cagnes - Drawing. Public domain image.

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Defence of Albion: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Defence of Albion: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Cactus: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Cactus: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Cotswold Hills: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Cotswold Hills: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Landscape at Iden: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Landscape at Iden: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

Lares: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Lares: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

The Shore: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

The Shore: painting, Paul Nash 1889 - 1946

Artist: Paul Nash(11 May 1889 – 11 July 1946) Public domain photograph of 19th-century painting, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description

picryl logo

The World's Largest Public Domain Media Search Engine

PICRYL is the largest media source for public domain images, scans, and documents. PICRYL is an AI-driven search & similarity engine. PICRYL makes the world's public domain media fun to find and easy to use.

Get Archive LLC, creator of PICRYL, endeavors to provide information that it possesses on the copyright status of the content and to identify any other terms and conditions that may apply to the use of the content, however, Get Archive LLC offers no guarantee or assurance that all pertinent information is provided, or that the information is correct in each circumstance.

Permission for use, re-use, or additional use of the content is not required. GetArchive believes there are no usage restrictions or limitations put on content in the U.S. Get Archive LLC does not charge permission and license fees for use of any of the content on PICRYL, however, upon request, GetArchive can provide rights clearance for content for a fee.

Get Archive LLC is the owner of the compilation of content that is posted on the PICRYL website and applications, which consists of text, images, audio, video, databases, tags, design, codes, and software ("Content"). However, Get Archive LLC does not own each component of the compilation displayed and accessible on the PICRYL website and applications. If you have specific questions or information about content, the website, and applications, please contact us.

Developed by GetArchive, 2015-2025